ABSTRACT
The objective of our study is to find out the relationship between smoking and pregnancy sickness. This is Descriptive Cdmpartive study which was done at King Hussein Medical Center during a period of one year from March 2012 to March 2013. Pregnant women who visited the clinic and were complaining of nausea and vomiting were asked about their smoking habits and if they were exposed to second hand smoke. The control group was from pregnant women who were coming for regular check up to the antenatal care clinic and were not complaining of nausea or vomiting. Two hundred and seventy nine cases were included with a mean age of 26.1 and 332 controls were recruited with a mean age of 28.2. The largest numbers of cases were primigravida and para 4 and more [113 patients and 82 patients respectively]. Most cases and controls were in their first trimester [180 patients and 225 women, respectively]. Ninety percent of cases were smokers or passive smokers, while only one third of controls were smokers or passive smokers. Odds ratios for smokers and passive smokers were 7.3 and 7.6, respectively. Active smoking and passive smoking were shown to be directly proportional to the frequency of pregnancy sickness in this study. However, more representative studies are needed to confirm our results
ABSTRACT
To find out the indications, effectiveness, safety and outcome of colonoscopy at King Hussein Medical Center. A retrospective analysis of the colonoscopy records for patients who underwent elective colonoscopy over a 7-year period [January 2000-October 2006] at King Hussein Medical Center in Amman, Jordan was done. Data collected included the number of the patients, age, gender, reason for doing the procedure, endoscopic findings, and any immediate complication. For all patients colonic preparation using Dulcolax [Biscodyl 5 mg tab] and Fortrans [Macrogol 4000-64 gm] or castor oil with normal saline and unistiffness endoscopes were used. Almost all colonoscopies were done with sedation using Mipiridine 25 mg and Midazolam 3 mg intravenously. A total of 3865 colonoscopies were included in the study, 42% percent of patients were aged less than 50 years. 89% of the colonoscopies were done for patients from physicians as outpatients and 11% for patients who were already in hospital. The number of endoscopies performed during the year 2006 per month was considerably higher [mean 65] than that done during the year 2000 [mean 30]. The main indications for colonoscopies were rectal bleeding [39%], constipation [17%], and diarrhea in 12%. In 3749 [97%] patients, the procedure was completed up to cecum. Normal colonoscopy was reported in 72.5% of patients. The most common abnormal findings were colonic cancer [29%], colonic polyps in 24% and inflammatory bowel disease in 16%. Other common findings were diverticulosis [13.4%], melanosis coli [2.4%], and vascular ectasias in 2.5%. Internal hemorrhoids was a coexistent finding in [n=30] those diagnosed as colonic cancer and [n=18] in those diagnosed as colonic polyps, but it was the only colonoscopic finding in 130 patients [12.2%]. Colonic polyps were also found as coexistent finding in 47 patients diagnosed as colonic cancer. Seven [0.018%] patients had a major complication related to the procedure in the form of colonic perforation [n=4], minor bleeding which did not necessitate blood transfusion [n=2], and stuck snare wire due to looping around a normal colonic mucosa that mandated removal by lapratomy [n=1]. Colonoscopy at King Hussein Medical Center, is safe and effective in establishing a definitive diagnosis, and rarely associated with major complications such as perforation or bleeding